J. Pharm. Pharmacogn. Res., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 50-72, Jan-Feb 2024.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres23.1714_12.1.50
Original Article
In vitro antibacterial activity and phytochemical profiling of Indonesian Anacardium occidentale L. leaf extract and fractions
[Actividad antibacteriana in vitro y perfil fitoquímico del extracto de hoja y fracciones de Anacardium occidentale L. de Indonesia]
Khoirun Nisa1*, Auliya Uswatun Hasanah2, Ema Damayanti1, Andri Frediansyah1, Muslih Anwar1, Annisa Khumaira2, Nosa Septiana Anindita2
1Research Centre for Food Technology and Processing, The National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Jogja-Wonosari Km 31, Playen, Gunungkidul, Indonesia.
2Universitas Aisyiyah Yogyakarta, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jl. Siliwangi 63, Nogotirto, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
*E-mail: khoi001@brin.go.id
Abstract
Context: Uncontrolled practice of antibiotics leads to bacterial resistance. Therefore, investigating the possible utilization of several medicinal plant extracts is necessary. Traditionally, numerous medicinal plants have been widely utilized to treat some human diseases including Anacardium occidentale.
Aims: To investigate the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract and fractions from A. occidentale as well as characterize the phytochemical profile of A. occidentale leaves associated with antibacterial capacity.
Methods: The antibacterial activity was determined using minimum inhibitory concentration and time kill assay, which confirmed by streak agar plate. Phytochemical profiling of A. occidentale leaves extract and fractions were evaluated by their total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, terpenoid contents, and metabolite analysis by UHPLC-HR-ESI-MS.
Results: Among the extract and all fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction had high killing efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtillis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which was confirmed by its MIC value of 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, and 0.25 mg/mL, respectively. Corresponding to its antibacterial capacity, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest of phenolic (508.89 mg GAE/g dw) and flavonoid (184 mg QE/g dw) contents. Based on HRMS investigation, the extract and fractions contain amino acids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, fatty acid amides, fatty acids, and organic acids as classes of molecules. Moreover, avicularin/quercetin-3-O-arabinofuranoside, myricitrin, and gallic acid were identified as major compounds from the active fraction.
Conclusions: The ethyl acetate fraction showed the most remarkable antibacterial activity. There was a significant correlation between the antibacterial activity of active fraction and its phenolic and flavonoid contents.
Keywords: Anacardium occidentale; antibacterial; antibiotics; phytochemical.
Resumen
Contexto: La práctica incontrolada de antibióticos conduce a la resistencia bacteriana. Por lo tanto, es necesario investigar la posible utilización de varios extractos de plantas medicinales. Tradicionalmente, numerosas plantas medicinales se han utilizado ampliamente para tratar algunas enfermedades humanas, entre ellas Anacardium occidentale.
Objetivos: Investigar la actividad antibacteriana del extracto etanólico y las fracciones de A. occidentale, así como caracterizar el perfil fitoquímico de las hojas de A. occidentale asociado a la capacidad antibacteriana.
Métodos: La actividad antibacteriana se determinó utilizando la concentración inhibitoria mínima y el ensayo de tiempo de muerte, que se confirmó mediante una placa de agar. El perfil fitoquímico del extracto y las fracciones de las hojas de A. occidentale se evaluó mediante el contenido total de fenoles, flavonoides y terpenoides, y el análisis de metabolitos por UHPLC-HR-ESI-MS.
Resultados: Entre el extracto y todas las fracciones, la fracción de acetato de etilo tuvo una alta eficacia letal contra Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtillis, Escherichia coli y Pseudomonas aeruginosa, lo que se confirmó por su valor MIC de 0,5, 0,5, 0,5 y 0,25 mg/mL, respectivamente. En correspondencia con su capacidad antibacteriana, la fracción de acetato de etilo mostró los mayores contenidos fenólicos (508,89 mg GAE/g extracto seco) y flavonoides (184 mg QE/g extracto seco). Según la investigación HRMS, el extracto y las fracciones contienen aminoácidos, ácidos fenólicos, alcaloides, flavonoides, amidas de ácidos grasos, ácidos grasos y ácidos orgánicos como clases de moléculas. Además, se identificaron avicularina/quercetina-3-O-arabinofuranosido, miricitrina y ácido gálico como compuestos principales de la fracción active.
Conclusiones: La fracción de acetato de etilo mostró la actividad antibacteriana más notable. Se observó una correlación significativa entre la actividad antibacteriana de la fracción activa y su contenido en fenoles y flavonoides.
Palabras Clave: Anacardium occidentale; antibacteriano; antibióticos; fitoquímica.
Citation Format: Nisa K, Hasanah AU, Damayanti E, Frediansyah A, Anwar M, Khumaira A, Anindita NS (2024) In vitro antibacterial activity and phytochemical profiling of Indonesian Anacardium occidentale L. leaf extract and fractions. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 12(1): 50–72. https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres23.1714_12.1.50
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