Category Archives: Nociception

Effect of mouse sex on pharmacological investigations

biochemical markers, carbon tetrachloride, Diabetes, Hepatoprotection, Hepatotoxicity, Inflammation, Nociception, Preclinical Research

J. Pharm. Pharmacogn. Res., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 569-579, November-December 2020.

Original Article

Effect of sex differences in antinociceptive, antipyretic, hypoglycemia, hepatoprotective and antidiarrheal activities in mice model

[Efecto de las diferencias sexuales en las actividades antinociceptiva, antipirética, hipoglucemia, hepatoprotectora y antidiarreica en modelo de ratones]

Irin Karim#, Roni Roy#, Md Rafiul Hoque, Sazzad Hosen, Tanaya Bhowmik, Israt Jahan Liya, Afroza Akter, Mohammad Anwarul Basher

Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh.
#These two authors contributed equally.

Abstract

Context: The use of animal models is a longstanding practice in biological research. Among different models, the mouse is the most widely used and accepted model. In designing the mouse model, a male mouse is generally preferred over a female to avoid the effect of changing hormonal state in females. However, it is not known whether mouse sex affects all experiments.

Aims: To determine the effect of mouse sex on pharmacological responses in antinociceptive, antipyretic, hypoglycemia, hepatoprotective and antidiarrheal experiments.

Methods: Antinociceptive study was performed by three different experiments. An antipyretic experiment was performed by yeast induced hyperthermia test. The effect on hypoglycemic response was assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test. The effect on the hepatoprotective study was evaluated by carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage. The antidiarrheal study was conducted by a castor oil-induced diarrhea test.

Results: Antinociceptive studies demonstrated mixed effects. Hot plate test showed significant differences; the licking test showed variation only in the late phase, while no significant variation was observed. In the antipyretic experiment, female mice showed higher body temperature in both control and standard that varied significantly with male mice. Hypoglycemia and hepatoprotective tests did not show significant variation between sexes; however, liver enzymes levels were found higher in males while the percentage liver weight was higher in females. In the antidiarrheal test, the male mouse was observed to have higher responses than the female.

Conclusions: Antinociceptive and antipyretic investigations should be performed separately on both male and female mice. On the other hand, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and antidiarrheal tests can be conducted on any mouse sex, and findings on particular sex can be extrapolated to the opposite sex.

Keywords: drug discovery; sex dimorphism; Swiss albino mice.

Resumen

Contexto: El uso de modelos animales es una práctica de larga data en la investigación biológica. Entre los diferentes modelos, el ratón es el modelo más utilizado y aceptado. Al diseñar el modelo de ratón, generalmente se prefiere un ratón macho a una hembra para evitar el efecto del cambio de estado hormonal en las hembras. Sin embargo, no se sabe si el sexo del ratón afecta a todos los experimentos.

Objetivos: Determinar el efecto del sexo del ratón sobre las respuestas farmacológicas en experimentos antinociceptivos, antipiréticos, hipoglucémicos, hepatoprotectores y antidiarreicos.

Métodos: Se realizaron experimentos para demostrar efectos anti-nociceptivo (tres experimentos diferentes), antipirético (hipertermia inducida por levaduras), hipoglucémico (prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa oral), hepatoprotector (daño hepático inducido por tetracloruro de carbono) y antidiarreico (diarrea inducida por aceite de ricino).

Resultados: Los estudios antinociceptivos demostraron efectos mixtos. La prueba de la placa caliente mostró diferencias significativas; la prueba de lamido mostró variación solo en la fase tardía, mientras que no se observó variación significativa. En el experimento antipirético, las hembras mostraron una temperatura corporal más alta tanto en el control como en el estándar que varió significativamente con los ratones machos. Las pruebas de hipoglucemia y hepatoprotección no mostraron variación significativa entre sexos; sin embargo, los niveles de enzimas hepáticas se encontraron más altos en los machos mientras que el porcentaje de peso del hígado fue más alto en las hembras. En la prueba antidiarreica, se observó que el ratón macho tenía respuestas más altas que la hembra.

Conclusiones: Las investigaciones antinociceptivas y antipiréticas debían realizarse por separado en ratones machos y hembras. Por otro lado, las pruebas hipoglucémicas, hepatoprotectoras y antidiarreicas podrían realizarse en cualquier sexo de ratón, y los hallazgos sobre un sexo particular se pueden extrapolar al sexo opuesto.

Palabras Clave: dimorfismo sexual; investigación en medicamento; ratones albinos suizos.

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Citation Format: Karim I, Roy R, Hoque MR, Hosen S, Bhowmik T, Liya IJ, Akter A, Basher MA (2020) Effect of sex differences in antinociceptive, antipyretic, hypoglycemia, hepatoprotective and antidiarrheal activities in mice model. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 8(6): 569–579.
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© 2020 Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research (JPPRes)

Pharmacological activities of Iceberg lettuce

Antioxidant, Antioxidant capacity, Flavonoids, Inflammation, Medicinal Plants, Nociception, Nutrition, Oxidative Stress, oxidative stress markers, Preclinical Research
J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 7(5): 343-355, 2019.

Original Article | Artículo Original

Antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of in vitro and field-grown Iceberg lettuce extracts

[Actividades antioxidante, antiinflamatoria y analgésica de extractos de lechuga Iceberg cultivada in vitro y en el campo]

Iqra Younus1, Hammad Ismail2, Chahat Batool Rizvi1, Erum Dilshad3, Kiran Saba1, Bushra Mirza1, Mohammad Tahir Waheed1*

1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan.
2Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, 50700, Gujrat, Pakistan.
3Department of Bioinformatics and Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Capital University of Science and Technology (CUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
Abstract

Context: Iceberg lettuce is a nutrient rich edible crop containing vitamin B6, thiamin and folate. The increasing demand of natural products is moving the focus towards in vitro plant sources as factories for producing important secondary metabolites.

Aims: To evaluate the activities of in vitro propagated callus culture and field-grown of Iceberg lettuce, which can act as an alternate source of bioactive secondary metabolites.

Methods: The extracts were made with methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water for field-grown as well as in vitro cultured Iceberg lettuce plants and evaluated for their medicinal potential both in vitro and in vivo in rats.

Results: Total flavonoid and phenolic contents of plant extracts showed strong positive correlation with their antioxidant activities. The highest contents of flavonoids and phenolics were present in the methanolic extract of field-grown leaves. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of examined samples in rats were observed as field-grown leaves extracts > callus extracts > regenerated shoots extracts. However, all of these activities in the extracts of callus culture were comparable to that of field-grown plant extracts.

Conclusions: This study showed that field-grown plants are comparably rich source of secondary metabolites, which showed multiple pharmacological activities in a significant way.

Keywords: analgesic; anti-inflammatory; antioxidant; callus; Iceberg lettuce; Lactuca sativa.

Resumen

Contexto: La lechuga iceberg es un cultivo comestible rico en nutrientes que contiene vitamina B6, tiamina y ácido fólico. La creciente demanda de productos naturales está moviendo el foco hacia fuentes de plantas in vitro como fábricas para producir importantes metabolitos secundarios.

Objetivos: Evaluar las actividades del cultivo de callos propagados in vitro y en el campo de la lechuga iceberg, que pueden actuar como una fuente alternativa de metabolitos secundarios bioactivos.

Métodos: Los extractos se hicieron con metanol, n-hexano, acetato de etilo y agua para plantas de lechuga Iceberg cultivadas in vitro y en el campo y se evaluaron para determinar su potencial medicinal tanto in vitro como in vivo en ratas.

Resultados: El contenido total de flavonoides y fenoles de los extractos de plantas mostró una fuerte correlación positiva con sus actividades antioxidantes. Los contenidos más altos de flavonoides y fenoles se encontraron en el extracto metanólico de hojas cultivadas en el campo. Las actividades antioxidantes, analgésicas y antiinflamatorias de las muestras examinadas en ratas se observaron como extractos de hojas cultivadas en el campo > extractos de callos > extractos de brotes regenerados. Sin embargo, todas estas actividades en los extractos de cultivos de callos fueron comparables a las de los extractos de plantas cultivadas en el campo.

Conclusiones: Este estudio demostró que las plantas cultivadas en el campo son una fuente comparable de metabolitos secundarios que muestra múltiples actividades de manera significativa.

Palabras Clave: analgésico; antiinflamatorio; antioxidante; callo; lechuga iceberg; Lactuca sativa.

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Citation Format: Younus I, Ismail H, Rizvi CB, Dilshad E, Saba K, Mirza B, Waheed MT (2019) Antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of in vitro and field-grown Iceberg lettuce extracts. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 7(5): 343–355.

© 2019 Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research (JPPRes)

Efficacy of Antiaris toxicaria subsp. africana in peripheral neuropathy

Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Trial, Herbal Medicine, Neuroprotection, Nociception, Pain Management, Phytotherapy
J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 7(1): 59-66, 2019.

Original Article | Artículo Original

A pilot study on the efficacy of an Antiaris toxicaria subsp. africana (Engl.) C.C. Berg based Ghanaian herbal product in the management of peripheral neuropathy

[Estudio piloto sobre la eficacia de un producto herbal de Ghana a base de Antiaris toxicaria subsp. africana (Engl.) C.C. Berg en el tratamiento de la neuropatía periférica]

Ronald Yeboah1*, Kwesi P. Thomford2, Rudolph Mensah1, Alfred A. Appiah1, Ama K. Thomford3, Augustine Ocloo1

1Centre for Plant Medicine Research, Mampong-Akuapem, Ghana.
2Department of Herbal Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
3Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.

*E-mail: royebus@yahoo.com

Abstract

Context: Peripheral neuropathy is a common neurologic disease that accounts for a lot of physician visits.

Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of a Ghanaian herbal product prepared from the stem bark of Antiaris toxicaria subsp. africana (known as Mist Antiaris) in the management of neurological disorders in patients clinically diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy.

Methods: A prospective open label non-comparative study was undertaken involving 24 patients seen at the clinic of the Centre for Plant Medicine Research, Mampong-Akuapem. A modified Neuropathic Symptoms Score (NSS) and a visual analogue scale (VAS) using the standardized Wong-Baker faces rating scale (WBFRS) were used to grade each participant on the first day of visit. The VAS was subsequently used to grade and monitor improvements in the symptom characteristics of peripheral neuropathy at the fourth week and on the eighth week.

Results: Mean age of participants involved in the study was 46.08 ± 2.77 years with the most significant comorbidity associated with participants being hypertension and type II diabetes, which accounted for 10 (41.66%) of the cases recorded. Baseline NSS indicated that 20 (83.0%) of the participants had severe symptoms and 4 (17.0%) reporting with moderate symptoms of neuropathy. Treatment resulted in an improvement of symptoms with a decline in mean VAS from a baseline of 6.04 ± 0.41 to 3.79 ± 0.74 on day 28 and 2.13 ± 0.93 by day 56.

Conclusions: The results gathered from this pilot study indicates that the product Mist Antiaris has good prospects as an anti-neuropathic medication.

Keywords: Antiaris africana; efficacy studies; herbal medicines; neuropathy.

Resumen

Contexto: La neuropatía periférica es una enfermedad neurológica común que representa muchas visitas al médico.

Objetivos: Evaluar la eficacia de un producto herbal de Ghana preparado a partir de la corteza del tallo de Antiaris toxicaria subsp. africana (conocida como Mist Antiaris) en el tratamiento de trastornos neurológicos en pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de neuropatía periférica.

Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, abierto, no comparativo, en el que participaron 24 pacientes atendidos en la clínica del Centro de Investigación de Medicina Vegetal, Mampong-Akuapem. El primer día de la visita se utilizó una puntuación de síntomas neuropáticos modificados (NSS) y una escala analógica visual (VAS) utilizando la escala de calificación de caras de Wong-Baker (WBFRS) estandarizada. Posteriormente, se utilizó el VAS para calificar y monitorear las mejoras en las características de los síntomas de la neuropatía periférica en la cuarta semana y en la octava semana.

Resultados: La edad promedio de los participantes involucrados en el estudio fue de 46,08 ± 2,77 años, con la comorbilidad más significativa asociada con los participantes que fueron hipertensión y diabetes tipo II, que representaron 10 (41,66%) de los casos registrados. El NSS de referencia indicó que 20 (83,0%) de los participantes tenían síntomas graves y 4 (17%) síntomas moderados de neuropatía. El tratamiento resultó en una mejoría de los síntomas con una disminución en el VAS promedio desde un valor inicial de 6,04 ± 0,41 a 3,79 ± 0,74 en el día 28 y 2,13 ± 0,93 en el día 56.

Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos de este estudio piloto indican que el producto Mist Antiaris tiene buenas perspectivas como medicamento antineuropático.

Palabras Clave: Antiaris africana; estudios de eficacia; hierbas medicinales; neuropatía.

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Citation Format: Yeboah R, Thomford KP, Mensah R, Appiah AA, Thomford AK, Ocloo A (2019) A pilot study on the efficacy of an Antiaris toxicaria subsp. africana (Engl.) C.C. Berg based Ghanaian herbal product in the management of peripheral neuropathy. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 7(1): 59–66.

© 2019 Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research (JPPRes)

GC/MS analysis and antinociception of Clusia minor

biochemical markers, Inflammation, Natural Products, Nociception, Pain Management, Phytochemistry
J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 7(1): 21-30, 2019.

Original Article | Artículo Original

Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry characterization and antinociceptive effects of the ethanolic extract of the leaves from Clusia minor L.

[Caracterización por Cromatografía Gaseosa/Espectrometría de Masas y actividad antinociceptiva del extracto etanólico de las hojas de Clusia minor L.]

Raisa Mangas1*, Gledys Reynaldo1, Maria T. Dalla Vecchia2, Kendely Aver2, Leonardo G. Piovesan2, Adonis Bello3, Idania Rodeiro4, Angela Malheiros2, Marcia M. de Souza2, Roberto Menéndez5

1Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy and Food (IFAL), University of Havana, 23 Ave., 21425, La Coronela, La Lisa, Havana, Cuba.
2Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC, Brazil.
3Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Guayaquil, Ciudadela Universitaria Dr. Salvador Allende, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
4Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICIMAR), Loma and 37, Vedado, Havana, Cuba.
5Cuban Neurosciences Center, 25 Ave., 5202, Cubanacan, Playa, Havana, Cuba.

*E-mail: raisam@ifal.uh.cu, raisamm80@gmail.com

Abstract

Context: The search of new substances with analgesic properties has grown in the last years. Brazil and Cuba have a big biodiversity allowing the study of several plants with potential pharmacological activities.

Aims: To evaluate the chemical composition and potential antinociceptive effect of the ethanolic extract from Clusia minor L. leaves (Clusiaceae) in mice.

Methods: Phytochemical characterization was performed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Antinociceptive effect was evaluated using acetic acid, formalin, hot plate, and capsaicin models. Mechanical hypernociception was induced by intraplantar carrageenan, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and prostagladin E2 (PGE2) and responses were measured after 3 h of injection.

Results: Mass Spectrometry analysis allowed the identification of 16 compounds. Fatty acid derivatives, steroids, triterpenoids, and vitamin E were the main findings. The most abundant sterol was β-sitosterol (14.04%); followed by the triterpenes α-amyrin (11.94%), and β-amyrin (7.82%). Vitamin E represented the 8.44% of the total identified compounds. The evaluation of the acetic acid-induced nociception model showed that the extract was effective in reducing pain in a dose-dependent manner. This resulted in a maximal inhibition of 53 ± 4%. The extract was also effective in other pain models. Additionally, the extract presented a considerable inhibition of paw mechanical hypernociception.

Conclusions: The data suggest that the antinociceptive effect of Clusia minor occurs by interaction of various mechanisms; which probably take places via central and peripheral pathway. Therefore, modulating the inflammatory and neurogenic pain.

Keywords: acute mechanical hypernociception; acute nociceptive models; antinociceptive effect; Clusia minor L.; GC/MS; triterpenoids.

Resumen

Contexto: La búsqueda de nuevas sustancias con propiedades analgésicas se ha incrementado en los últimos años. Brasil y Cuba cuentan con una gran biodiversidad permitiendo el estudio de varias plantas con actividades farmacológicas potenciales.

Objetivos: Evaluar la composición química y el efecto antinociceptivo del extracto etanólico de las hojas de Clusia minor L. (Clusiaceae) en ratones.

Métodos: La caracterización fitoquímica fue realizada por Cromatografía Gaseosa-Espectrometría de Masas. El efecto antinociceptivo fue evaluado utilizando los modelos de ácido acético, formalina, plato caliente y capsaicina. La hipernocicepción mecánica fue inducida por carragenina, factor de necrosis tumoral (TNFα) y prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) intraplantares y la respuesta se midió después de 3 h de inyección.

Resultados: El análisis por Cromatografía Gaseosa-Espectrometría de Masas permitió la identificación de 16 compuestos, principalmente derivados de ácidos grasos, esteroides, triterpenos y vitamina E. El esterol más abundante fue el β-sitosterol (14,04%) seguido por los triterpenos α-amirina (11,94%) y β-amirina (7,82%). La vitamina E representó el 8,44% del total de los compuestos identificados. El modelo de nocicepción inducido por ácido acético mostró la efectividad del extracto para reducir el dolor vía dosis dependiente con una inhibición máxima de 53 ± 4%. El extracto también resultó efectivo en los otros modelos de dolor empleados. Además, se observó una considerable inhibición de la hipernocicepción mecánica de la pata.

Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que el efecto antinociceptivo de Clusia minor ocurre por la interacción de varios mecanismos, probablemente vía central y periférica modulando el dolor inflamatorio y neurogénico.

Palabras Clave: Clusia minor L.; GC/MS; efecto antinociceptivo; hipernocicepción mecánica aguda; modelos de nocicepción aguda; triterpenoides.

Download the PDF file .

Citation Format: Mangas R, Reynaldo G, Dalla Vecchia MT, Aver K, Piovesan LG, Bello A, Rodeiro I, Malheiros A, De Souza MM, Menéndez R (2019) Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry characterization and antinociceptive effects of the ethanolic extract of the leaves from Clusia minor L. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 7(1): 21–30.

© 2019 Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research (JPPRes)

Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Paeonia mascula extract

Inflammation, Medicinal Plants, Nociception, Pain Management, Pharmacology
J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 6(2): 81-88, 2018.

Original Article | Artículo Original

Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Paeonia mascula extract

[Efecto anti-nociceptivo y antiinflamatorio del extracto de Paeonia mascula]

Noureddine Bribi*

Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales et Ethnobotanique, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie. Université de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria.

*E-mail: noureddine.bribi@univ-bejaia.dz

Abstract

Context: Paeonia mascula is used in traditional medicine in North of Algeria for its anti-inflammatory activity.

Aims: To evaluate the analgesic and the anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanolic extract of Paeonia mascula (EPM) in mice.

Methods: The analgesic activity of EPM was evaluated on the chemical nociception in the animal models of acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced hind paw licking/biting, whereas xylene-induced ear edema and multiapplication of TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) were used to determine anti-inflammatory effects of EPM.

Results: EPM (100 and 250 mg/kg) produced a significant dose-dependent inhibition of pain-related behaviors elicited by acetic acid. Also, EPM reduced both early and late phases of the formalin test. However, its inhibitory effect was more significant on tonic inflammatory phase, may be related to the anti-inflammatory abilities of this extract. Also, EPM decreased ear edema in acute and sub-chronic models used in the present study.

Conclusions: These findings suggest the ethanolic extract from aerial parts of Paeonia mascula presents significant anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects on chemical behavioral models of nociception and inflammation in mice.

Keywords: analgesic; formalin; inflammation; pain.

Resumen

Contexto: Paeonia mascula se utiliza en la medicina tradicional en el norte de Argelia por su actividad anti-inflamatoria.

Objetivos: Evaluar la actividad analgésica y antiinflamatoria del extracto etanólico de Paeonia mascula (EPM) en ratones.

Métodos: El perfil analgésico se evaluó mediante la prueba de constricciones abdominales inducidas por ácido acético y la prueba de formalina 1%. Con la finalidad de estudiar su efecto antiinflamatorio se implementaron dos modelos de edema auricular en condiciones agudas (edema inducido por xileno) y en condiciones sub-crónicas [edema inducido por aplicaciones múltiples de TPA (12-O-tetradecanoilforbol-13-acetato)].

Resultados: El extracto etanólico de Paeonia mascula inhibió de forma dependiente de la dosis las conductas relacionadas con el dolor inducidas por ácido acético. Además, EPM redujo ambas fases, la temprana y la tardía en la prueba de la formalina. Sin embargo, su efecto inhibitorio fue más significativo sobre la fase tónica inflamatoria. Este efecto pudiera estar relacionado con la actividad antiinflamatoria del extracto. También EPM redujo significativamente el edema auricular en los modelos (agudo y sub-crónico) utilizados en el estudio.

Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos sugieren que el extracto etanólico de partes aéreas de Paeonia mascula presenta efectos antiinflamatorios y antinociceptivos en modelos agudos de nocicepción química e inflamación en ratones.

Palabras Clave: analgésico; dolor; formalina; inflamación.

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Citation Format: Bribi N (2018) Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Paeonia mascula extract. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 6(2): 81–88.

© 2018 Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research (JPPRes)

Antinociceptive effects of Sonchus asper and apigenin-7-glucoside

Brain, Flavonoids, Nociception, Pain Management, Pharmacology, Preclinical Research, Receptors
J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 5(4): 217-227, 2017.

Original Article | Artículo Original

Effects of Sonchus asper and apigenin-7-glucoside on nociceptive behaviors in mice

[Efectos de Sonchus asper y apigenina-7-glucósido sobre comportamientos nociceptivos en ratones]

Mohammad Zarei1, Saeed Mohammadi2*, Siamak Shahidi1, Ali Reza Fallahzadeh3*

1Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
2Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
3Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.

*E-mail: smiauhphd.sm@gmail.com (Mohammadi); alrefallah@gmail.com (Fallahzadeh)

Abstract

Context: Sonchus asper is an important herbal medicine that traditionally used to treatment of digestive system infections and heart disease.

Aims: To evaluate of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Sonchus asper hydroalcoholic leaf extract (SALE) and one of its major constituent, apigenin-7-glucoside (Ap7G), in male mice.

Methods: In this experimental studies were used nociceptive assessment tests, which include writhing, tail-flick, and formalin-, and glutamate-induced paw licking tests. In addition, xylene test was used for evaluating of anti-inflammatory effect of SALE and Ap7G.

Results: In tail-flick, writhing and glutamate-induced paw licking tests, application of a dose of 300 mg/kg of extract showed significantly (p<0.01) antinociceptive effect compared to the control group. In the formalin test, treatment with a dose of 100 mg/kg of extract reduced the pain scores in the tonic phase compared with the control group (p<0.05). In formalin model, also naloxone (an opioid non-selective antagonist) plus the extract (300 mg/kg) reduced licking and biting in mice. Moreover, the use of morphine decreased the nociceptive activity in all assessment tests. In addition, in xylene test, treatment with dose of 100 mg/kg of SALE increased the inhibition (49%) comparing to the control group. The Ap7G showed significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in all tests.

Conclusions: SALE and Ap7G have both antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects under the experimental conditions performed in this study. The modulation of the glutamatergic system by opioid receptors could be involved, at least in part, in these effects.

Keywords: hypernociception; inflammation; medicinal plants; pain.

Resumen

Contexto: Sonchus asper es una planta medicinal que tradicionalmente se utiliza para el tratamiento de infecciones del sistema digestivo y enfermedades del corazón.

Objetivos: Evaluar los efectos antiinflamatorios y antinociceptivos del extracto hidroalcohólico de hoja de Sonchus asper (SALE) y uno de sus componentes principales, apigenin-7-glucósido (Ap7G), en ratones machos.

Métodos: En estos estudios experimentales se usaron pruebas de evaluación nociceptiva, que incluyeron pruebas de contorsiones, retirada de la cola y tiempo de lamido de la pata inducido por formalina y glutamato. Además, se utilizó la prueba de xileno para evaluar el efecto antiinflamatorio de SALE y Ap7G.

Resultados: En las pruebas de retirada de cola, contorsiones y tiempo de lamido inducido por glutamato, la aplicación del extracto (300 mg/kg) mostró, significativamente (p<0.01), efecto antinociceptivo comparado al grupo control. En la prueba de la formalina, el tratamiento con el extracto (100 mg/kg) redujo la escala de dolor en la fase tónica comparado con el control (p<0.05). En este modelo, también naloxona (un antagonista no selectivo de opioides) más el extracto (300 mg/kg) redujeron el lamido en ratones. Además, el uso de morfina decreció la actividad nociceptiva en todas las pruebas. En la prueba de xileno el tratamiento con SALE (100 mg/kg) exhibió una inhibición del 49% comparado con el grupo control. Ap7G mostró efectos antinociceptivo y anti-inflamatorio en todas las pruebas.

Conclusiones: SALE y Ap7G tienen efectos antinociceptivos y antiinflamatorios bajo las condiciones experimentales realizadas en este estudio. La modulación del sistema glutamatérgico por los receptores opioides podría estar implicada, al menos en parte, en estos efectos.

Palabras Clave: dolor; hipernocicepción; inflamación; plantas medicinales.

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Citation Format: Zarei M, Mohammadi S, Shahidi S, Fallahzadeh AR (2017) Effects of Sonchus asper and apigenin-7-glucoside on nociceptive behaviours in mice. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 5(4): 217-227.
This article has been cited by:
Zarei M, Mohammadi S, Komakia A (2018) Antinociceptive activity of Inula britannica L. and patuletin: In vivo and possible mechanisms studies. Journal of Ethnopharmacology DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.03.021
Saeed Mohammadi (2017) Effects of Sonchus asper extract on diabetes-induced learning and memory impairment in rats. Advances in Pharmacology and Clinical Trials 2(1): 000116. Website
Neamatian MA, Yaghmaei P, Mohammadi S (2017) Assessment of the antinociceptive, antiinflammatory and acute toxicity effects of Ducrosia anethifolia essential oil in mice. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences 22(3): 74-84. Website

© 2017 Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research (JPPRes)