J. Pharm. Pharmacogn. Res., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1178-1190, Jul-Aug 2025.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres24.2184_13.4.1178Review
Factors affecting cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol production in Cannabis: Internal mechanisms and environmental factors – A systematic review
[Factores que afectan la producción de cannabidiol y tetrahidrocannabinol en el Cannabis: Mecanismos internos y factores ambientales - Una revisión sistemática]
Caresya Insani Bangga Nabila1, Yan Ramona1, I Made Agus Gelgel Wirasuta2,3, Jasmine Karsono4*
1Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Denpasar, 80232, Indonesia.
2Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Badung, 80361, Indonesia.
3Forensic Science and Criminology Laboratory, Udayana University, Badung, 80361, Indonesia
4PT. Kimia Farma Tbk, Central Jakarta, 10110, Indonesia.
*E-mail: jasmine.karsono@kimiafarma.co.id, jasminekrsn@gmail.com
Abstract
Context: The increasing demand for cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in medical applications underscores the need for optimized Cannabis cultivation.
Aims: To explore the impact of environmental and genetic factors on cannabinoid production, focusing on CBD and THC, using systematic bibliometric analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and regression modeling.
Methods: Data were collected from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases, resulting in 56 systematically reviewed studies. Information on temperature, humidity, altitude, photoperiod, and cultivation methods was also extracted. Bibliometric analysis was conducted using VOSviewer to identify research trends, whereas PCA and regression analyses were performed in RStudio to evaluate the relationships between environmental factors and cannabinoid profiles.
Results: The analysis highlighted that Cannabis sativa was the dominant species studied, with CBD being the most researched cannabinoid. PCA revealed positive correlations between CBD production and environmental factors such as temperature and humidity. Regression analysis supported these trends, with altitude showing a minimal direct influence. Cultivar differences had less impact on cannabinoid profiles than environmental variables.
Conclusions: Environmental factors play pivotal roles in cannabinoid production. These findings provide actionable insights for optimizing cultivation practices and advancing cannabinoid research.
Keywords: bibliometric analysis; cannabidiol; cannabinoid; Cannabis sativa; principal component analysis; tetrahydrocannabinol.
Resumen
Contexto: La creciente demanda de cannabidiol (CBD) y tetrahidrocannabinol (THC) en aplicaciones médicas subraya la necesidad de optimizar el cultivo de Cannabis.
Objetivos: Explorar el impacto de los factores ambientales y genéticos en la producción de cannabinoides, centrándose en el CBD y el THC, mediante análisis bibliométrico sistemático, análisis de componentes principales (PCA) y modelos de regresión.
Métodos: Se recopilaron datos de las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect y Scopus, lo que resultó en 56 estudios revisados sistemáticamente. También se extrajo información sobre temperatura, humedad, altitud, fotoperiodo y métodos de cultivo. El análisis bibliométrico se realizó con VOSviewer para identificar tendencias de investigación, mientras que el PCA y los análisis de regresión se realizaron en RStudio para evaluar las relaciones entre los factores ambientales y los perfiles de cannabinoides.
Resultados: El análisis destacó que Cannabis sativa fue la especie dominante estudiada, siendo el CBD el cannabinoide más investigado. El PCA reveló correlaciones positivas entre la producción de CBD y factores ambientales como la temperatura y la humedad. El análisis de regresión confirmó estas tendencias, donde la altitud mostró una influencia directa mínima. Las diferencias entre cultivares tuvieron un menor impacto en los perfiles de cannabinoides que las variables ambientales.
Conclusiones: Los factores ambientales desempeñan un papel fundamental en la producción de cannabinoides. Estos hallazgos proporcionan información útil para optimizar las prácticas de cultivo y avanzar en la investigación sobre cannabinoides.
Palabras Clave: análisis bibliométrico; cannabidiol; cannabinoide; Cannabis sativa; análisis de componentes principales; tetrahidrocannabinol.
Citation Format: Nabila CIB, Ramona Y, Wirasuta IMAG, Karsono J (2025) Factors affecting cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol production in Cannabis: Internal mechanisms and environmental factors – A systematic review. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 13(4): 1178–1190. https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres24.2184_13.4.1178
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