J. Pharm. Pharmacogn. Res., vol. 14, no. 5, Article ID 2612, Sep-Oct 2026.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres_14.5.2612

Original Article

Bacterial isolates and antibiotic resistance in hospital-acquired pneumonia among patients with type 2 diabetes at a tertiary care hospital

[Aislamientos bacterianos y resistencia a los antibióticos en la neumonía intrahospitalaria en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 en un hospital de atención terciaria]

Thanh Van Le^1*, Huong Thuy Trinh², Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen³

¹Department of Biochemistry, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.

²Department of Pharmacy, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.

³Faculty of Pharmacy, Hong Bang International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.

*E-mail: levanthanh09091963@gmail.com

Abstract

Context: Hospital-acquired pneumonia is a major healthcare-associated infection, and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus may be at increased risk of severe infection and antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. Local microbiological data are needed to support empirical therapy and antimicrobial stewardship.

Aims: To evaluate the distribution of bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial resistance patterns among culture-positive HAP cases with available antimicrobial susceptibility results in hospitalized patients with T2DM at Cho Ray Hospital during 2022-2023.

Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted using medical records and microbiology results from 222 hospitalized adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Bacterial isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility results were extracted from the hospital microbiology database. Susceptibility results were interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patient characteristics, bacterial distribution, and resistance patterns.

Results: Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 77.4% [95% CI: 72.3-81.8%] of total isolates (N = 296), with Acinetobacter baumannii being the most prevalent at 30.1% [95% CI: 25.0-35.6%], followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Among Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus was predominant at 17.6% [95% CI: 13.6-22.4%]. High resistance rates were observed among major Gram-negative pathogens, particularly against beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and carbapenems.

Conclusions: Resistant Gram-negative pathogens were frequently identified among culture-positive HAP cases in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Local surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship are needed.

Keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii; antibacterial agents; diabetes mellitus, type 2; drug resistance, bacterial; observational studies; pneumonia.

Resumen

Contexto: La neumonía intrahospitalaria es una de las principales infecciones asociadas a la atención de la salud, y los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 pueden tener un mayor riesgo de padecer infecciones graves y de contraer patógenos resistentes a los antimicrobianos. Se necesitan datos microbiológicos locales para respaldar la terapia empírica y los programas de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos.

Objetivos: Evaluar la distribución de los aislados bacterianos y sus patrones de resistencia antimicrobiana entre los casos de neumonía intrahospitalaria con cultivo positivo y resultados de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana disponibles en pacientes hospitalizados con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el Hospital Cho Ray durante 2022-2023.

Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo que utilizó historias clínicas y resultados microbiológicos de 222 adultos hospitalizados con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y neumonía intrahospitalaria. Los aislamientos bacterianos y los resultados de la sensibilidad antimicrobiana se extrajeron de la base de datos de microbiología del hospital. Los resultados de sensibilidad se interpretaron de acuerdo con los criterios del Instituto de Estándares Clínicos y de Laboratorio. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas para resumir las características de los pacientes, la distribución bacteriana y los patrones de resistencia.

Resultados: Las bacterias gramnegativas representaron el 77,4% [IC 95%: 72,3-81,8%] del total de aislados (N = 296), siendo Acinetobacter baumannii la más prevalente con un 30,1% [IC 95%: 25,0-35,6%], seguida de Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Klebsiella pneumoniae. Entre las bacterias Gram-positivas, Staphylococcus aureus predominó con un 17,6% [IC 95%: 13,6-22,4%]. Se observaron altas tasas de resistencia entre los principales patógenos gramnegativos, especialmente frente a los beta-lactámicos, las fluoroquinolonas y los carbapenémicos.

Conclusiones: Se identificaron con frecuencia patógenos gramnegativos resistentes en casos de neumonía intrahospitalaria con cultivo positivo en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Se requieren vigilancia local y gestión de antimicrobianos.

Palabras Clave: Acinetobacter baumannii; agentes antibacterianos; diabetes mellitus tipo 2; estudios observacionales; neumonía; resistencia bacteriana a los fármacos.

https://jppres.com/jppres/pdf/vol14/jppres_14.5.2612.pdf

Citation Format: Le TV, Trinh HT, Nguyen TTT (2026) Bacterial isolates and antibiotic resistance in hospital-acquired pneumonia among patients with type 2 diabetes at a tertiary care hospital. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 14(5): 2612. https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres_14.5.2612

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