J. Pharm. Pharmacogn. Res., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 573-585, May-Jun 2024.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres23.1791_12.3.573
Review
Role of pravastatin in the prevention of preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials
[Papel de la pravastatina en la prevención de la preeclampsia: Una revisión sistemática y meta-análisis de ensayos controlados aleatorios]
Muhammad Ilham Aldika Akbar1, Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu2,3*, Ernawati1, Gus Dekker1,4
1Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo 47, Surabaya, Indonesia.
2Department Physiology and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo 47, Surabaya, Indonesia.
3Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia.
4Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Adelaide, Lyell-McEwin Hospital, Haydown Rd, Elizabeth Vale SA 5112, Adelaide, Australia.
*E-mail: citrawati.dyah@fk.unair.ac.id
Abstract
Context: Preeclampsia prevention is important for reducing maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Recent studies have explored the use of to prevent preeclampsia and improve maternal, perinatal, or neonatal outcomes. However, the results are still debatable.
Aims: To evaluate the role of pravastatin in the prevention of preeclampsia in pregnant women.
Methods: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving studies with healthy pregnant women receiving pravastatin vs. control to observe the risk of preeclampsia. Literature searching was conducted in PubMed, Science Direct, EBSCO/CINAHL, PROQUEST, and SCOPUS. Statistical analyses were performed using the Review Manager 5.4.1 software.
Results: Five studies were initially identified for meeting the inclusion criteria; 2 studies were treatment studies and had to be excluded, and one small study only used pravastatin for a few weeks, leaving only two studies for statistical analysis. Administration of pravastatin was associated with a reduced risk of preeclampsia (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.29-0.90; p= 0.02) and preterm delivery (OR: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.16-0.58; p<0.01). The risk of preeclampsia with severe features and small for gestational ages was not different. Only one study (INOVASIA) reported on preterm preeclampsia, prophylactic pravastatin was associated with a marked and significant reduction of preterm preeclampsia rates (OR: 0.034; 95% CI: 0.202-0.905). Pregnant women receiving pravastatin had better perinatal outcomes in terms of birthweight, Apgar scores, NICU admission, length of stay, and respiratory distress syndrome.
Conclusions: Pravastatin has the potential to prevent the occurrence of preeclampsia, premature birth, and perinatal morbidity in pregnant women. However, it is necessary to conduct more RCTs with a larger sample size and appropriate follow-up of the offspring to further examine the efficacy of pravastatin in preeclampsia prevention.
Keywords: maternal health; pravastatin; preeclampsia; pregnant women; prevention.
Resumen
Contexto: La prevención de la preeclampsia es importante para reducir la mortalidad y morbilidad maternas en todo el mundo. Estudios recientes han explorado el uso de para prevenir la preeclampsia y mejorar los resultados maternos, perinatales o neonatales. Sin embargo, los resultados son todavía discutibles.
Objetivos: Evaluar el papel de la pravastatina en la prevención de la preeclampsia en mujeres embarazadas.
Métodos: Este estudio es una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de ensayos controlados aleatorizados (ECA) que incluyen estudios con mujeres embarazadas sanas que reciben pravastatina frente a control para observar el riesgo de preeclampsia. La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó en PubMed, Science Direct, EBSCO/CINAHL, PROQUEST y SCOPUS. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron con el programa informático Review Manager 5.4.1.
Resultados: Inicialmente se identificaron cinco estudios que cumplían los criterios de inclusión; 2 estudios eran de tratamiento y tuvieron que ser excluidos, y un estudio pequeño sólo utilizó pravastatina durante unas pocas semanas, por lo que sólo quedaron dos estudios para el análisis estadístico. La administración de pravastatina se asoció con un menor riesgo de preeclampsia (OR: 0,51; IC 95%: 0,29-0,90; p= 0,02) y de parto prematuro (OR: 0,31; IC 95%: 0,16-0,58; p<0,01). El riesgo de preeclampsia con características graves y de parto pequeño para la edad gestacional no fue diferente. Sólo un estudio (INOVASIA) informó sobre la preeclampsia pretérmino, la pravastatina profiláctica se asoció con una reducción marcada y significativa de las tasas de preeclampsia pretérmino (OR: 0,034; IC 95%: 0,202-0,905). Las embarazadas que recibieron pravastatina tuvieron mejores resultados perinatales en cuanto a peso al nacer, puntuaciones de Apgar, ingreso en la UCIN, duración de la estancia hospitalaria y síndrome de dificultad respiratoria.
Conclusiones: La pravastatina tiene el potencial de prevenir la aparición de preeclampsia, parto prematuro y morbilidad perinatal en mujeres embarazadas. Sin embargo, es necesario realizar más ECA con un mayor tamaño muestral y un seguimiento adecuado de la descendencia para examinar más a fondo la eficacia de la pravastatina en la prevención de la preeclampsia.
Palabras Clave: mujeres embarazadas; pravastatina; preeclampsia; prevención; salud materna.
Citation Format: Akbar MIA, Wungu CDK, Ernawati, Dekker G (2024) Role of pravastatin in the prevention of preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 12(3): 573–585. https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres23.1791_12.3.573
References
ACOG (2019) ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 202: Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 133(1): 1. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003018
Ahmed A, Cudmore MJ (2009) Can the biology of VEGF and haem oxygenases help solve pre-eclampsia? Biochem Soc Trans 37: 1237–1242. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0371237
Ahmed A, Ramma W (2015) Unravelling the theories of pre-eclampsia: Are the protective pathways the new paradigm? Br J Pharmacol 172: 1574–1586. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.12977.
Ahmed A, Williams DJ, Cheed V, Middleton LJ, Ahmad S, Wang K, Vince AT, Hewett P, Spencer K, Khan KS, Hilken N, Brown S (2020) Pravastatin for early-onset pre-eclampsia: A randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. BJOG 127: 478–488. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16013
Akbar MIA, Kinanti H, Ernawati EE, Lestari P (2021) Maternal and perinatal outcomes of early-onset and late-onset preeclampsia at a tertiary center hospital. J South Asian Fed Obstet Gynecol 13: 338–342. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1915
Akbar MIA, Yosediputra A, Pratama RE, Fadhilah NL, Sulistyowati S, Amani FZ, Dachlan EG, Angsar MD, Dekker GA (2022a) Pravastatin suppresses inflammatory cytokines and endothelial activation in patients at risk of developing preeclampsia: INOVASIA study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 35: 5373-5382. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2021.1879785
Akbar MIA, Yosediputra A, Pratama RE, Fadhilah NL, Sulistyowati S, Amani FZ, Ernawati E, Dachlan EG, Angsar, MD, Dekker G (2024) INOVASIA study: A randomized open controlled trial to evaluate pravastatin to prevent preeclampsia and its effects on sFlt1/PlGF levels. Am J Perinatol 41: 300-309. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1673-5603
Akbar MIA, Aziz MA, Riu DS, Wawengkang E, Ernawati E, Bachnas MA, Sulistyowati S, Dachlan EG, Mose JC, Dekker G (2022b) INOVASIA study: A multicenter randomized clinical trial of pravastatin to prevent preeclampsia in high risk patients. Am J Perinatol. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1798-1925
Antonopoulos A, Margaritis M, Shirodaria C, Antoniades C (2012a) Translating the effects of statins: From redox regulation to suppression of vascular wall inflammation. Thromb Haemost 108: 840–848. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH12-05-0337
Antonopoulos AS, Margaritis M, Lee R, Channon K, Antoniades C (2012b) Statins as anti-inflammatory agents in atherogenesis: Molecular mechanisms and lessons from the recent clinical trials. Curr Pharm Des 18: 1519-1530. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161212799504803
Atallah A, Lecarpentier E, Goffinet F, Doret-Dion M, Gaucherand P, Tsatsaris V (2017) Aspirin for prevention of preeclampsia. Drugs 77: 1819–1831. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40265-017-0823-0
Bakouei F, Delavar MA, Mashayekh-Amiri S, Esmailzadeh S, Taheri Z (2020) Efficacy of n-3 fatty acids supplementation on the prevention of pregnancy induced-hypertension or preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 59: 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TJOG.2019.11.002
Bateman BT, Hernandez-Diaz S, Fischer MA, Seely EW, Ecker JL, Franklin JM, Desai RJ, Allen-Coleman C, Mogun H, Avorn J, Huybrechts KF (2015) Statins and congenital malformations: Cohort study. BMJ 350: h1035 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h1035
Brown MA, Magee LA, Kenny LC, Karumanchi SA, McCarthy FP, Saito S, Hall DR, Warren CE, Adoyi G, Ishaku S, (2018) Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: ISSHP classification, diagnosis, and management recommendations for international practice. Hypertension 72:24-43. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10803
Brownfoot FC, Hastie R, Hannan NJ, Cannon P, Tuohey L, Parry LJ, Senadheera S, Illanes SE, Kaitu’U-Lino TJ, Tong S (2016) Metformin as a prevention and treatment for preeclampsia: Effects on soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin secretion and endothelial dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 214: 356.e1-356.e15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.12.019
Burton GJ, Redman CW, Roberts JM, Moffett A (2019) Pre-eclampsia: pathophysiology and clinical implications. BMJ 366: l2381. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l2381
Chaiworapongsa T, Korzeniewski S, Chaemsaithong P (2017) Pravastatin for the prevention of adverse pregnancy outcome: preeclampsia and more? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 30: 3. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2015.1129779
Cindrova-Davies T (2014) The therapeutic potential of antioxidants, ER chaperones, NO and H2S donors, and statins for treatment of preeclampsia. Front Pharmacol 5: 119. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2014.00119
Costantine MM, Cleary K (2013) Pravastatin for the prevention of preeclampsia in high-risk pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 121: 349–353. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31827d8ad5
Costantine MM, Cleary K, Hebert MF, Ahmed MS, Brown LM, Ren Z, Easterling TR, Haas DM, Haneline LS, Caritis SN, D’Alton M, Hankins G (2016) Safety and pharmacokinetics of pravastatin used for the prevention of preeclampsia in high-risk pregnant women: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 214: 720.e1-720.e17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.12.038
Costantine MM, West H, Wisner KL, Caritis S, Clark S, Venkataramanan R, Stika CS, Rytting E, Wang X, Ahmed MS, Welch E, Snodgrass W, Nanovskaya T, Patrikeeva S, Saade G, Hankins G, Pinheiro E, O’Shea K, Cattan M, Mesches G, Ciolino J, George AL, Fischer D, DeAngeles D, Ren Z (2021) A randomized pilot clinical trial of pravastatin versus placebo in pregnant patients at high risk of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 225: 666.e1-666.e15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.05.018
Cudmore M, Ahmad S, Al-Ani B, Fujisawa T, Coxall H, Chudasama K, Devey LR, Wigmore SJ, Abbas A, Hewett PW, Ahmed A (2007) Negative regulation of soluble Flt-1 and soluble endoglin release by heme oxygenase-1. Circulation 115: 1789–1797. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.660134
de Alwis N, Beard S, Mangwiro YT, Binder NK, Kaitu’u-Lino TJ, Brownfoot FC, Tong S, Hannan NJ (2020) Pravastatin as the statin of choice for reducing pre-eclampsia-associated endothelial dysfunction. Pregnancy Hypertens 20: 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2020.03.004
Dobert M, Varouxaki AN, Mu AC, Syngelaki A, Ciobanu A, Akolekar R, de Paco Matallana C, Cicero S, Greco E, Singh M, Janga D, del Mar Gil M, Jani JC, Bartha JL, Maclagan K, Wright D, Nicolaides KH (2021) Pravastatin versus placebo in pregnancies at high risk of term preeclampsia. Circulation 144: 670–679. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.053963
Edison RJ, Muenke M (2004) Central nervous system and limb anomalies in case reports of first-trimester statin exposure. N Eng J Med 350: 1579–1582. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200404083501524
Espinoza J, Vidaeff A, Pettker CM, Simhan H (2020) ACOG: Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 135 : e237-e260. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003891
FDA (2022) FDA requests removal of strongest warning against using cholesterol-lowering statins during pregnancy; still advises most pregnant patients should stop taking statins. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/fda-drug-safety-podcasts/fda-requests-removal-strongest-warning-against-using-cholesterol-lowering-statins-during-pregnancy [Consulted January1,2022].
Gajzlerska-Majewska W, Bomba-Opon DA, Wielgos M (2018) Is pravastatin a milestone in the prevention and treatment of preeclampsia? J Perinat Med 46: 825–831. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2017-0109
Garrett N, Pombo J, Umpierrez M, Clark JE, Simmons M, Girardi G (2018) Pravastatin therapy during preeclampsia prevents long-term adverse health effects in mice. JCI Insight 3: e120147 https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.120147
Girardi G (2014) Can statins prevent pregnancy complications? J Reprod Immunol 101–102: 161–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2013.07.005
Girardi G (2017) Pravastatin to treat and prevent preeclampsia. Preclinical and clinical studies. J Reprod Immunol 124: 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2017.09.009
Hassanain MS, Abdel-Aziz BR, Elsayed MA (2018) Effect of pravastatin on the incidence of preeclampsia. Egypt J Hosp Med 73: 7104–7111. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejhm.2018.17508
Henderson JT, O’Connor E, Whitlock EP (2014) Low-dose aspirin for prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia. Ann Intern Med 161: 613-614. https://doi.org/10.7326/L14-5020-5
Hernández-Perera O, Pérez-Sala D, Navarro-Antolín J, Sánchez-Pascuala R, Hernández G, Díaz C, Lamas S (1998) Effects of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa reductase inhibitors, atorvastatin and simvastatin, on the expression of endothelin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 101: 2711-2719. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI1500
JBI (2023) JBI Critical Appraisal Tools. https://jbi.global/critical-appraisal-tools [ Consulted January 5,2024).
Karalis D, Hill A, Clifton S, Wild RA (2016) The risks of statin use in pregnancy: a systematic review. J Clin Lipidol 10: 1081-1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2016.07.002
Katsi V, Georgountzos G, Kallistratos MS, Zerdes I, Makris T, Manolis AJ, Nihoyannopoulos P, Tousoulis D (2017) The role of statins in prevention of preeclampsia: A promise for the future? Front Pharmacol 8: 247. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00247
Kazmin A, Garcia-Bournissen F, Koren G (2007) Risks of statin use during pregnancy: a systematic review. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 29: 906–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1701-2163(16)32656-1
Khaing W, Vallibhakara SAO, Tantrakul V, Vallibhakara O, Rattanasiri S, McEvoy M, Attia J, Thakkinstian A (2017) Calcium and vitamin D supplementation for prevention of preeclampsia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Nutrients 9: 1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101141
Kucukgoz GU, Ozgunen FT, Buyukkurt S, Guzel AB, Urunsak IF, Demir SC, Evruke IC (2013) Comparison of clinical and laboratory findings in early and late-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 26: 1228–1233. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2013.776533
Kumasawa K, Ikawa M, Kidoya H, Hasuwa H, Saito-Fujita T, Morioka Y, Takakura N, Kimura T, Okabe M (2011) Pravastatin induces placental growth factor (PGF) and ameliorates preeclampsia in a mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108: 1451–1455. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1011293108
Lambert G, Brichant JF, Hartstein G, Bonhomme V, Dewandre PY (2014) Preeclampsia: An update. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 65: 137–149. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25622379/
Laufs U, la Fata V, Plutzky J, Liao JK (1998) Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation 97: 1129–1135. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.97.12.1129
Lecarpentier E, Morel O, Fournier T, Elefant E, Chavatte-Palmer P, Tsatsaris V (2012) Statins and pregnancy. Between supposed risks and theoretical benefits. Drugs 72: 773–788. https://doi.org/10.2165/11632010-000000000-00000
Lefkou E, Mamopoulos A, Dagklis T, Vosnakis C, Rousso, D, Girardi G (2016) Pravastatin improves pregnancy outcomes in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome refractory to antithrombotic therapy. J Clin Invest 126: 2933–2940. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI86957
Lisonkova S, Sabr Y, Mayer C, Young C, Skoll A, Joseph KS (2014) Maternal morbidity associated with early-onset and late-onset preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 124: 771–781. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000000472
Ma’ayeh M, Costantine MM, Ma’ayeh M, Costantine MM (2020) Prevention of preeclampsia. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 25: 101123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2020.101123
Madazli R, Yuksel MA, Imamoglu M, Tuten A, Oncul M, Aydin B, Demirayak G (2014) Comparison of clinical and perinatal outcomes in early- and late-onset preeclampsia. Arch Gynecol Obstet 290: 53–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-014-3176-x
Magee LA, Brown MA, Hall DR, Gupte S, Hennessy A, Karumanchi SA, Kenny LC, McCarthy F, Myers J, Poon LC, Rana S, Saito S, Staff AC, Tsigas E, von Dadelszen P (2022) The 2021 International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy classification, diagnosis & management recommendations for international practice. Pregnancy Hypertens 27: 148–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2021.09.008
Marrs CC, Costantine MM (2017) should we add pravastatin to aspirin for preeclampsia prevention in high-risk women? Clin Obstet Gynecol 60: 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0000000000000248
Maynard SE, Min JY, Merchan J, Mondal S, Libermann TA, Morgan JP, Stillman IE, Epstein FH, Sukhatme V, Karumanchi A (2003) Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. J Clin Invest 111: 649-658. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI200317189
Maynard SE, Venkatesha S, Thadhani R, Karumanchi SA (2005) Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Pediatr Res 57: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1203/01.pdr.0000159567.85157.b7
Mendoza M, Ferrer-Oliveras R, Bonacina E, Garcia-Manau P, Rodo C, Carreras E, Alijotas-Reig J (2021) Evaluating the effect of pravastatin in early-onset fetal growth restriction: a nonrandomized and historically controlled pilot study. Am J Perinatol 38: 1472-1479. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713651
Mészáros B, Veres DS, Nagyistók L, Somogyi A, Rosta K, Herold Z, Kukor Z, Valent S (2023) Pravastatin in preeclampsia: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Front Med 9: 1076372. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.1076372
Ofori B, Rey E, Bérard A (2007) Risk of congenital anomalies in pregnant users of statin drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 64: 496–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02905.x
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R, Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, Hróbjartsson A, Lalu MM, Li T, Loder EW, Mayo-Wilson E, McDonald S, McGuinness LA, Stewart LA, Thomas J, Tricco AC, Welch VA, Whiting P, Moher D (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372: n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Phipps E, Prasanna D, Brima W, Jim B (2016) Preeclampsia: Updates in pathogenesis, definitions, and guidelines. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 11: 1102-1113. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12081115
Poon LC, Shennan A, Hyett JA, Kapur A, Hadar E, Divakar H, McAuliffe F, da Silva Costa F, von Dadelszen P, McIntyre HD, Kihara AB, di Renzo GC, Romero R, D’Alton M, Berghella V, Nicolaides KH, Hod M (2019) The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on pre-eclampsia: A pragmatic guide for first-trimester screening and prevention. Int J Gynecol Obstet 145: 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12802
Putra RA, Effendi JS, Permadi W, Bandiara R, Fauziah PN (2018) Role of statin as inducer of Hmox-1 system in treatment of preeclampsia. Cell Mol Biol 64: 1–4. https://doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2018.64.10.1
Ramma W, Ahmed A (2014) Therapeutic potential of statins and the induction of heme oxygenase-1 in preeclampsia. J Reprod Immunol 101–102: 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2013.12.120
Rana S, Karumanchi A (2014) Angiogenic factors in diagnosis, management, and research in preeclampsia. Hypertension 63: 198–202. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02293
Rana S, Lemoine E, Granger J, Karumanchi SA (2019) Preeclampsia: Pathophysiology, challenges, and perspectives. Circ Res 124: 1094–1112. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313276
Raymond D, Peterson E (2011) A critical review of early-onset and late-onset preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol Surv 66: 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1097/OGX.0b013e3182331028
Redman CWG, Sargent IL (2009) Placental stress and pre-eclampsia: A revised view. Placenta 30: 38–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2008.11.021
Redman CWG, Staff AC (2015) Preeclampsia, biomarkers, syncytiotrophoblast stress, and placental capacity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 213: S9.e1-S9.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.003
Roberge S, Bujold E, Nicolaides KH (2018) Aspirin for the prevention of preterm and term preeclampsia: Systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 218: 287-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.561
Robillard PY, Dekker G, Chaouat G (2014) Fourteen years of debate and workshops on the immunology of preeclampsia. Where are we now after the 2012 workshop? J Reprod Immunol 101–102: 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2013.06.003
Rolnik DL, Nicolaides KH, Poon LC (2022) Prevention of preeclampsia with aspirin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 226: S1108-S1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.08.045
Schunemann HJ, Higgins JP, Vist GE, Glasziou, P, Akl EA, Skoetz N, Guyatt GH (2023) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Completing ‘summary of findings’ tables and grading the certainty of the evidence, 6.4 ver. Chichester, UK: Cochrane. https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/current/chapter-14
Seidler AL, Askie L, Ray JG (2018) Optimal aspirin dosing for preeclampsia prevention. Am J Obstet Gynecol 219: 117–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.03.018
Shanmugalingam R, Hennessy A, Makris A (2019) Aspirin in the prevention of preeclampsia: The conundrum of how, who and when. J Hum Hypertens 33: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-018-0113-7
Sibai B, Dekker G, Kupferminc M (2005) Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 365: 785-799. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17987-2
Smith DD, Costantine MM (2022) The role of statins in the prevention of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 226: S1171-S1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.08.040
Staff AC, Redman CWG (2018) Comprehensive Gynecology and Obstetrics: The Differences Between Early- and Late-Onset Pre-eclampsia. Singapore: Springer Nature. pp. 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5891-2_10
Vahedian-Azimi A, Karimi L, Reiner Ž, Makvandi S, Sahebkar A (2021) Effects of statins on preeclampsia: A systematic review. Pregnancy Hypertens 23: 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2020.11.014
Veerbeek JHW, Hermes W, Breimer AY, Van Rijn BB, Koenen SV, Mol BW, Franx A, de Groot CJM, Koster MPH (2015) Cardiovascular disease risk factors after early-onset preeclampsia, late-onset preeclampsia, and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Hypertension 65: 600–606. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04850
Wallenburg HCS, Makovitz JW, Dekker GA, Rotmans P (1986) Low-dose aspirin prevents pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia in angiotensin-sensitive primigravidae. Lancet 327: 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(86)91891-X
Wang A, Rana S, Karumanchi SA (2009) Preeclampsia: The role of angiogenic factors in its pathogenesis. Physiology 24: 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00043.2008
Wójtowicz A, Zembala-szczerba M, Babczyk D, Kołodziejczyk-pietruszka M, Lewaczy O, Huras H (2019) Early-and late-onset preeclampsia: A comprehensive cohort study of Laboratory and Clinical Findings according to the New ISHHP Criteria. Int J Hypertens 2019: 4108271. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4108271
Wright D, Poon LC, Rolnik DL, Syngelaki A, Delgado JL, Vojtassakova D, de Alvarado M, Kapeti E, Rehal A, Pazos A, Carbone IF, Dutemeyer V, Plasencia W, Papantoniou N, Nicolaides KH (2017) Aspirin for evidence-based preeclampsia prevention trial: influence of compliance on beneficial effect of aspirin in prevention of preterm preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 217: 685.e1-685.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.110
Zarek J, Koren G (2014) The fetal safety of statins: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 36:506–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1701-2163(15)30565-X
© 2024 Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research