{"id":20926,"date":"2026-08-21T13:43:53","date_gmt":"2026-08-21T17:43:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jppres.com\/jppres\/?p=20926"},"modified":"2026-08-21T13:43:53","modified_gmt":"2026-08-21T17:43:53","slug":"%ce%b2-glucan-coated-vd3-nanoliposomes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jppres.com\/jppres\/%ce%b2-glucan-coated-vd3-nanoliposomes\/","title":{"rendered":"\u03b2-Glucan-coated VD3 nanoliposomes"},"content":{"rendered":"

J. Pharm. Pharmacogn. Res., vol. 14, no. 4, Article ID 2654, Jul-Aug 2026<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\nDOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.56499\/jppres_14.4.2654<\/a>\r\n\r\n\r\n

Original Article<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Solvent-free \u03b2-glucan-coated VD3 nanoliposomes: Physicochemical characterization and preliminary in vitro<\/i> evaluation<\/h1>\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n

[Nanoliposomas de vitamina D3 recubiertos con \u03b2-glucano y preparados sin disolventes: caracterizaci\u00f3n fisicoqu\u00edmica y evaluaci\u00f3n preliminar in vitro<\/i>]<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n

Jauharotus Shobahah1,2<\/sup>, Dwi Winarni3<\/sup>, M. Ainun Najib Aly4<\/sup>, Naswandi Nur5<\/sup>, Win Darmanto3<\/sup>, Dwi Hudiyanti6<\/sup>, Lionel In Lian Aun7<\/sup>, Sri Puji Astuti Wahyuningsih3*<\/sup><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n

1<\/sup>Doctoral Program of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.<\/p>\r\n

2<\/sup>Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Security, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia.<\/p>\r\n

3<\/sup>Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.<\/p>\r\n

4<\/sup>Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hang Tuah University, Surabaya, Indonesia.<\/p>\r\n

5<\/sup>Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.<\/p>\r\n

6<\/sup><\/strong>Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia.<\/p>\r\n

7<\/sup><\/strong>Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.<\/p>\r\n

*E-mail: sri-p-a-w@fst.unair.ac.id<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Context<\/em>: Vitamin D3 (VD3) has attracted interest in colorectal cancer research. Nevertheless, its limited solubility in aqueous media and low oral bioavailability restrict its pharmaceutical application. Solvent-free nanocarrier systems offer an alternative formulation approach that does not involve the use of organic solvents.<\/p>\r\n

Aims<\/em>: To develop \u03b2-glucan-coated VD3-loaded nanoliposomes and evaluate their physicochemical properties, storage stability, in vitro<\/em> release, and preliminary effects on HCT-116 cell viability using the MTT assay.<\/p>\r\n

Methods<\/em>: VD3-loaded nanoliposomes were prepared using mild heating, probe sonication, virgin coconut oil (VCO) pre-dispersion, and \u03b2-glucan coating. The selected formulations were characterized using FTIR, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, validated UV\u2013Vis spectrophotometry, cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM), in vitro<\/em> drug release, storage stability, and MTT assays.<\/p>\r\n

Results<\/em>: The \u03b2-glucan-coated formulation exhibited a particle size of 201.8 \u00b1 15.8 nm, PDI of 0.14 \u00b1 0.09, zeta potential of \u221258.76 \u00b1 1.86 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 88.73 \u00b1 0.70%, with a more uniform vesicular morphology than that of the uncoated formulation. It also showed a more controlled in vitro<\/em> release profile and greater reduction in HCT-116 cell viability at intermediate concentrations.<\/p>\r\n

Conclusions<\/em>: \u03b2-Glucan coating improved the physicochemical performance of VD3-loaded nanoliposomes, providing a more controlled in vitro<\/em> release profile. The formulation also demonstrated a greater reduction in HCT-116 cell viability in a preliminary MTT assay, supporting further investigation under biorelevant oral delivery conditions. Further biological and preclinical studies are warranted to establish its performance under biorelevant and in vivo<\/em> conditions.<\/p>\r\n

Keywords<\/em>: cholecalciferol; colorectal cancer; drug delivery systems; encapsulation; liposomes; solvent-free formulation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n

\"PDF<\/a><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n

Resumen<\/h4>\r\n\r\n

Contexto<\/em>: La vitamina D3 (VD3) presenta baja solubilidad en agua y una biodisponibilidad oral limitada, lo que restringe sus aplicaciones farmac\u00e9uticas. Los nanotransportadores libres de disolventes constituyen una alternativa para la formulaci\u00f3n de compuestos hidrof\u00f3bicos.<\/p>\r\n

Objetivos<\/em>: Desarrollar nanoliposomas de VD3 recubiertos con \u03b2-glucano y evaluar sus propiedades fisicoqu\u00edmicas, la estabilidad, la liberaci\u00f3n in vitro y los efectos preliminares sobre la viabilidad de las c\u00e9lulas HCT-116 mediante un ensayo de MTT.<\/p>\r\n

M\u00e9todos:<\/em> La formulaci\u00f3n seleccionada se prepar\u00f3 mediante calentamiento suave, sonicaci\u00f3n con sonda, predispersi\u00f3n en aceite de coco virgen (VCO) y recubrimiento con \u03b2-glucano. Se caracteriz\u00f3 mediante FTIR, dispersi\u00f3n din\u00e1mica de luz, potencial zeta, eficiencia de encapsulaci\u00f3n, espectrofotometr\u00eda UV\u2013Vis validada, Cryo-EM, estudios de liberaci\u00f3n in vitro<\/em>, estabilidad y ensayo MTT.<\/p>\r\n

Resultados<\/em>: La formulaci\u00f3n recubierta present\u00f3 un tama\u00f1o de part\u00edcula de 201.8 \u00b1 15.8 nm, PDI de 0.14 \u00b1 0.09, potencial zeta de \u221258.76 \u00b1 1.86 mV y una eficiencia de encapsulaci\u00f3n de 88.73 \u00b1 0.70%, adem\u00e1s de una morfolog\u00eda vesicular m\u00e1s uniforme, una liberaci\u00f3n in vitro m\u00e1s controlada y una mayor reducci\u00f3n de la viabilidad de las c\u00e9lulas HCT-116.<\/p>\r\n

Conclusiones<\/em>: El recubrimiento con \u03b2-glucano mejor\u00f3 las propiedades fisicoqu\u00edmicas de los nanoliposomas de VD3 y produjo un perfil de liberaci\u00f3n in vitro<\/em> m\u00e1s controlado. Los resultados del ensayo MTT respaldan \u00fanicamente una evaluaci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica preliminar y justifican estudios biol\u00f3gicos y precl\u00ednicos adicionales en condiciones biol\u00f3gicamente relevantes, in vivo<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Palabras Clave<\/em>: c\u00e1ncer colorrectal; colecalciferol; encapsulaci\u00f3n; formulaci\u00f3n libre de disolventes; liposomas; sistemas de liberaci\u00f3n de f\u00e1rmacos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n

\"PDF<\/a><\/figure>\r\n \r\n
\r\n
https:\/\/jppres.com\/jppres\/pdf\/vol14\/jppres_14.4.2654.pdf<\/a><\/div>\r\n
<\/div>\r\n
<\/div><\/figure>\r\n\r\n
Citation Format: <\/strong>Shobahah J, Winarni D, Aly MAN, Nur N, Darmanto W, Hudiyanti D, Aun LIL, Wahyuningsih SPA (2026) Solvent-free \u03b2-glucan-coated VD3 nanoliposomes: Physicochemical characterization and preliminary in vitro<\/em> evaluation. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 14(4): 2654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.56499\/jppres_14.4.2654<\/a><\/pre>\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n
References<\/h5>\r\n\r\n
Abbas AM, Sah AK, Alodhayd RA, Alblehed SA, Almaeen AM, Almadhor ST, Sabaa HE, Alghafil RZ, Nour NA, Umarovich AI, Choudhary RK, Elshaikh RH, Shalabi MG (2026) Association between serum vitamin D levels and colorectal carcinoma: Insights from a case control study in Northern Saudi Arabia. Life 16(3): 512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life16030512<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Akimbekov NS, Digel I, Sherelkhan K, Razzaque MS (2022) Vitamin D and phosphate interactions in health and disease. Adv Exp Med Biol 1362: 37\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-91623-7_5<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Ashraf Z ul, Shah A, Gani A, Masoodi FA, Noor N (2020) Effect of nano-reduction on properties of \u03b2-glucan and its use as encapsulating agent for release of \u03b1-tocopherol. Bioact Carbohydr Diet Fibre 24: 100230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcdf.2020.100230<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Chen J, Dehabadi L, Ma YC, Wilson LD (2022) Development of novel lipid-based formulations for water-soluble vitamin C versus fat-soluble vitamin D3. Bioengineering 9(12): 819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering9120819<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Feng S, Sun Y, Wang P, Sun P, Ritzoulis C, Shao P (2020) Co\u2010encapsulation of resveratrol and epigallocatechin gallate in low methoxyl pectin\u2010coated liposomes with great stability in orange juice. Int J Food Sci Technol 55(5): 1872\u20131880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijfs.14323<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Ghiasi F, Eskandari MH, Golmakani MT, Rubio RG, Ortega F (2021) Build-up of a 3D organogel network within the bilayer shell of nanoliposomes. A novel delivery system for vitamin D3: preparation, characterization, and physicochemical stability. J Agric Food Chem 69(8): 2585\u20132594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c06680<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Gieroba B, Sroka-Bartnicka A, Kazimierczak P, Kalisz G, Lewalska-Graczyk A, Vivcharenko V, Nowakowski R, Pieta IS, Przekora A (2020) Spectroscopic studies on the temperature-dependent molecular arrangements in hybrid chitosan\/1,3-\u03b2-D-glucan polymeric matrices. Int J Biol Macromol 159: 911\u2013921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.155<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Hernandez C, Shukla S (2022) Liposome based drug delivery as a potential treatment option for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neural Regen Res 17(6): 1190\u20131198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1673-5374.327328<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Jalilian Z, Mozafari MR, Aminnezhad S, Taghavi E (2024) Insight into heating method and Mozafari method as green processing techniques for the synthesis of micro- and nano-drug carriers. Green Process Synth 13(1): 20230136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/gps-2023-0136<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Kaur S, Singh D (2023) A sojourn on liposomal delivery system: recent advances and future prospects. Assay Drug Dev Technol 21(2): 48\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/adt.2022.089<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Ketha H, Wadams H, Lteif A, Singh RJ (2015) Iatrogenic vitamin D toxicity in an infant \u2013 a case report and review of literature. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 148: 14\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.01.022<\/a><\/p>\r\n
L\u00f3pez RRG, Font de Rubinat P, S\u00e1nchez LM, Tsering T, Alazzam A, Bergeron KF, Mounier C, Burnier JV, Stiharu I, Nerguizian V (2021) The effect of different organic solvents in liposome properties produced in a periodic disturbance mixer: Transcutol\u00ae, a potential organic solvent replacement. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 198: 111447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.111447<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Malihi Z, Wu Z, Stewart AW, Lawes CM, Scragg R (2016) Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and kidney stones in long-term studies of vitamin D supplementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 104(4): 1039\u20131051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.116.134981<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Mohammadi A, Jafari SM, Mahoonak AS, Ghorbani M (2021) Liposomal\/nanoliposomal encapsulation of food-relevant enzymes and their application in the food industry. Food Bioproc Tech 14(1): 23\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11947-020-02513-x<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Mosmann T (1983) Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods 65(1\u20132): 55\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Niaz T, Shabbir S, Noor T, Rahman A, Bokhari H, Imran M (2018) Potential of polymer stabilized nano-liposomes to enhance antimicrobial activity of nisin Z against foodborne pathogens. LWT 96: 98\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lwt.2018.05.029<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Niaz T, Mackie A (2024) Effect of beta glucan coating on controlled release, bioaccessibility, and absorption of \u03b2-carotene from loaded liposomes. Food Funct 15(3): 1627\u20131642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D3FO04123A<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Sawarkar S, Ashtekar A (2020) Transdermal vitamin D supplementation\u2014A potential vitamin D deficiency treatment. J Cosmet Dermatol 19(1): 28\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocd.13085<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Shobahah J, Wahyuningsih SPA, Winarni D, Herdiansyah MA, Aly MAN (2025) In silico<\/em> evaluation of VD3 as a dual inhibitor of CDK2 and Bcl-2 in colorectal cancer. Open Vet J 15(8): 3759\u20133769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/OVJ.2025.v15.i8.40<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Sun Q, Fu Y, Wang W (2022) Temperature effects on hydrophobic interactions: Implications for protein unfolding. Chemical Physics 559: 111550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemphys.2022.111550<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Tian L, Cao C, Ho J, Stenzel MH (2024) Maximizing aqueous drug encapsulation: Small nanoparticles formation enabled by glycopolymers combining glucose and tyrosine. J Am Chem Soc 146(12): 8120\u20138130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jacs.3c12502<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Wang Y, He Q, Rong K, Zhu M, Zhao X, Zheng P, Mi Y (2024) VD3 promotes gastric cancer cell autophagy by mediating p53\/AMPK\/mTOR signaling. Front Pharmacol 14: 1338260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1338260<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Winandar T, Raharjo A, Wujoso H, Sidharta BRA, Bagus BI (2021) Relationship between 25(OH)D and colorectal cancer prevalence at Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta-Indonesia: A cross-sectional study. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 9(B): 1591\u20131595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3889\/oamjms.2021.7396<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Zarrabi A, Zarepour A, Khosravi A, Alimohammadi Z, Thakur VK (2021) Synthesis of curcumin loaded smart pH-responsive stealth liposome as a novel nanocarrier for cancer treatment. Fibers 9(3): 19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fib9030019<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Zhang P, Chen D, Li L, Sun K (2022) Charge reversal nano-systems for tumor therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 20(1): 31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-021-01221-8<\/a><\/p>\r\n
Zhong H, Xu J, Wang L, Abdullah, Hussain M, Chen L, Guan R (2025) Preparation, physicochemical characterization, stability, and in vitro<\/em> digestion kinetics of polysaccharide-coated cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-loaded liposomes. Int J Biol Macromol 318(Part 4): 145329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.145329<\/a><\/p>\r\n\u00a9 2026 Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
J. Pharm. Pharmacogn. Res., vol. 14, no. 4, Article ID 2654, Jul-Aug 2026. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.56499\/jppres_14.4.2654 Original Article Solvent-free \u03b2-glucan-coated VD3 nanoliposomes: Physicochemical characterization and preliminary in vitro evaluation   [Nanoliposomas de vitamina D3 recubiertos con \u03b2-glucano y preparados sin disolventes: caracterizaci\u00f3n fisicoqu\u00edmica y evaluaci\u00f3n preliminar in vitro]   Jauharotus Shobahah1,2, Dwi Winarni3, M. Ainun Najib … Continue reading \u03b2-Glucan-coated VD3 nanoliposomes<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20926","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-pharmaceutical-science"],"brizy_media":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jppres.com\/jppres\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20926","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jppres.com\/jppres\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jppres.com\/jppres\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jppres.com\/jppres\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jppres.com\/jppres\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20926"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/jppres.com\/jppres\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20926\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jppres.com\/jppres\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20926"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jppres.com\/jppres\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20926"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jppres.com\/jppres\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20926"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}