J. Pharm. Pharmacogn. Res., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1678-1691, Nov-Dec 2025.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres24.2256_13.6.1678
Original Article
Antiparasitic potential of plants used in folk medicine in Brazil
[Potencial antiparasitario de plantas utilizadas en la medicina popular en Brasil]
Isabela Penna Ceravolo1, Paulo O. Lourenço Moreira2, Daniela N. Bueno Maia3, Déborah Cristie S. Fonseca1, Ana Luiza S. Chaves1, Silvane M. Fonseca Murta4, Tânia M. Almeida Alves3, Betania Barros Cota5*
1Laboratory of Immunopathology. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, René Rachou Institute, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
2Biotechnology Applied to the Study of Pathogens. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, René Rachou Institute, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
3Bioactive Natural Products Chemistry Group. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, René Rachou Institute, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
4Genomics and Proteomics Group of Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, René Rachou Institute, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
5Transdisciplinary Study Group on Health and Environmental Technologies. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, René Rachou Institute, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
*E-mail: betania.cota@fiocruz.br
Abstract
Context: Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) face growing challenges due to parasite resistance and the declining efficacy of available treatments. For diseases such as Chagas and malaria, limited private sector investment further hinders therapeutic innovation, reinforcing the urgent need for more effective interventions.
Aims: To analyze the antiprotozoal potential of known medicinal species by providing novel insights into their biological activities.
Methods: Five ethnomedicinal plant species were selected based on their limited documentation regarding antiprotozoal activity. Twenty crude extracts were obtained by maceration with solvents of increasing polarity from the branches of Anchietea salutaris A. St.-Hil. and Davilla rugosa Poir., and the aerial parts of Banisteriopsis argyrophylla A. Juss., Grindelia robusta Nutt. and Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers. The extracts were tested in vitro against Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania amazonensis, and Plasmodium falciparum and evaluated for cytotoxicity to determine selectivity indexes (SI).
Results: In the preliminary screening at 25 µg/mL, all species exhibited some antiprotozoal activity. None of the extracts were considered active against T. cruzi. Hexane and dichloromethane extracts from A. salutaris, B. argyrophylla, and D. rugosa demonstrated potent antiplasmodial effects (IC50 < 9.2 mg/mL; SI ≥ 22). Additionally, the dichloromethane extract of G. robusta showed strong activity against L. amazonensis (IC50 = 2.2 mg/mL; SI = 78).
Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of underexplored medicinal plant species as sources of bioactive compounds for developing treatments for NTDs.
Keywords: antiprotozoal agentes; Leishmania spp.; medicinal plants; Plasmodium falciparum; traditional medicine; Trypanosoma cruzi.
Resumen
Contexto: Las Enfermedades Tropicales Desatendidas (ETD) enfrentan desafíos crecientes debido a la resistencia de los parásitos y la eficacia cada vez menor de los tratamientos disponibles. En enfermedades como la enfermedad de Chagas y la malaria, la limitada inversión del sector privado dificulta aún más la innovación terapéutica, lo que refuerza la urgente necesidad de intervenciones más efectivas.
Objetivos: Analizar el potencial antiprotozoario de especies medicinales conocidas, aportando nuevos conocimientos sobre sus actividades biológicas.
Métodos: Se seleccionaron cinco especies de plantas etnomedicinales debido a su limitada documentación sobre actividad antiprotozoaria. Se obtuvieron veinte extractos crudos mediante maceración con solventes de polaridad creciente de las ramas de Anchietea salutaris A. St.-Hil. y Davilla rugosa Poir., y de las partes aéreas de Banisteriopsis argyrophylla A. Juss., Grindelia robusta Nutt. y Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers. Los extractos se probaron in vitro contra Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania amazonensis y Plasmodium falciparum y se evaluó su citotoxicidad para determinar los índices de selectividad (IS).
Resultados: En la evaluación preliminar a 25 µg/mL, todas las especies mostraron actividad antiprotozoaria. Ninguno de los extractos se consideró activo contra T. cruzi. Los extractos de hexano y diclorometano de A. salutaris, B. argyrophylla y D. rugosa demostraron potentes efectos antiplasmodiales (CI50 < 9,2 µg/mL; IS ≥ 22). Además, el extracto de diclorometano de G. robusta mostró una fuerte actividad contra L. amazonensis (CI50 = 2,2 µg/mL; IS = 78).
Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos resaltan el potencial de especies de plantas medicinales poco exploradas como fuentes de compuestos bioactivos para el desarrollo de tratamientos para enfermedades tropicales desatendidas (ETD).
Palabras Clave: agentes antiprotozoarios; Leishmania spp.; plantas medicinales; Plasmodium falciparum; medicina tradicional; Trypanosoma cruzi.
Citation Format: Ceravolo IP, Moreira POL, Maia DNB, Fonseca DCS, Chaves ALS, Murta SMF, Alves TMA, Cota BB (2025) Antiparasitic potential of plants used in folk medicine in Brazil. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 13(6): 1678–1691. https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres24.2256_13.6.1678
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