J. Pharm. Pharmacogn. Res., vol. 14, no. 4, Article ID 2722, Jul-Aug 2026.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres_14.4.2775Review
Durio species and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review of bioactivity and phytochemistry
[Especies de Durio y síndrome metabólico: una revisión sistemática de la bioactividad y la fitoquímica]
Islan Nor1,5,6, Afrillia N. Garmana2, Mohamad Rafi3,4, Youngmin Kang7,8, Muhamad Insanu1,6*
1Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.
2Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.
3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia.
4Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, 16128, Indonesia.
5Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Banjarmasin, Barito Kuala, 70582, Indonesia.
6Center of Excellence for Innovative Cosmeceuticals and Natural Medicines for Degenerative Disease, Center for Pharma Valorisation, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.
7Herbal Medicine Resource Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Naju-Si, 58245, South Korea.
8Korean Convergence Medical Science Major, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34520, South Korea.
*E-mail: insanu99@itb.ac.id
Abstract
Context: Metabolic syndrome is characterized by interrelated metabolic abnormalities, including hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and central obesity, which collectively increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Plant-derived metabolites have been investigated as potential sources of pharmacological leads, and species of the genus Durio have been used as foods and in traditional medicine.
Aims: To systematically summarize evidence on Durio species, plant parts, extracts, and isolated compounds relevant to metabolic syndrome-related endpoints.
Methods: PubMed and Scopus were searched on May 28, 2024, for English-language articles published from 2004 to 2024. Records were screened in Covidence according to predefined eligibility criteria and the PRISMA 2020 framework. Data on plant species, plant part, extraction method, study design, assay or test method, and reported antidiabetic, antidyslipidemic, antioxidant, and phytochemical findings were extracted.
Results: Forty-five articles were included from 562 records. Direct antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic evidence was mainly reported for D. zibethinus. Antioxidant activity was also reported for D. zibethinus, D. kutejensis, D. kinabaluensis, and D. oxleyanus. Ninety isolated compounds were identified from Durio species; however, the metabolic relevance of many of these compounds was inferred from studies conducted outside Durio-derived matrices.
Conclusions: Current evidence suggests that Durio species, particularly D. zibethinus, may influence selected metabolic syndrome-related endpoints in preclinical and in vitro models. The evidence remains limited by heterogeneous assays, the absence of formal risk-of-bias assessment, and limited clinical data. Standardized phytochemical profiling, mechanistic studies, toxicity assessment, and controlled in vivo studies are needed.
Keywords: antioxidants; diabetes mellitus; dyslipidemias; phytochemicals; plant extracts.
Resumen
Contexto: El síndrome metabólico comprende hiperglucemia, dislipidemia, hipertensión y obesidad central, que aumentan el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular y diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Las especies del género Durio se utilizan como alimento y en la medicina tradicional, y sus metabolitos representan una fuente potencial de compuestos bioactivos.
Objetivos: Resumir sistemáticamente la evidencia sobre especies de Durio, extractos y compuestos aislados relacionados con el síndrome metabólico.
Métodos: Se realizaron búsquedas en PubMed y Scopus el 28 de mayo de 2024 para identificar artículos en inglés publicados entre 2004 y 2024. Los registros se seleccionaron en Covidence conforme a criterios predefinidos y PRISMA 2020. Se extrajeron datos sobre especie, parte vegetal, método de extracción, diseño del estudio, métodos de evaluación y hallazgos antidiabéticos, antidislipidémicos, antioxidantes y fitoquímicos.
Resultados: Se incluyeron 45 artículos de 562 registros. La evidencia directa de actividades antidiabéticas y antidislipidémicas correspondió principalmente a D. zibethinus. También se reportó actividad antioxidante en D. zibethinus, D. kutejensis, D. kinabaluensis y D. oxleyanus. Se identificaron 90 compuestos aislados; sin embargo, su relevancia metabólica se infirió de estudios fuera de Durio.
Conclusiones: La evidencia disponible sugiere que las especies de Durio, especialmente D. zibethinus, pueden influir en desenlaces relacionados con el síndrome metabólico en modelos preclínicos e in vitro. Sin embargo, la evidencia sigue limitada por la heterogeneidad de los ensayos, la ausencia de evaluación formal del riesgo de sesgo y la limitada información clínica. Se requieren perfiles fitoquímicos estandarizados, estudios mecanísticos, evaluaciones de toxicidad y estudios in vivo controlados.
Palabras Clave: antioxidantes; diabetes mellitus; dislipidemias; extractos vegetales; fitoquímicos.
Citation Format: Nor I, Garmana AF, Rafi M, Kang Y, Insanu M (2026) Durio species and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review of bioactivity and phytochemistry. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 14(4): 2775. https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres_14.4.2775
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